Fix Problem in Windows Update

Encounter error code 0x800f0831, that means missing some security patch before installing current windows update.

check log file CBS.log in path C:\Windows\Logs\CBS, it is found there is missing package shown as below

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2019-05-07 10:30:15, Info                  CBS    Store corruption, manifest missing for package: Package_1095_for_KB4093121~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.3.1.6
2019-05-07 10:30:15, Error                 CBS    Failed to resolve package 'Package_1095_for_KB4093121~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.3.1.6' [HRESULT = 0x800f0831 - CBS_E_STORE_CORRUPTION]
2019-05-07 10:30:15, Info                  CBS    Mark store corruption flag because of package: Package_1095_for_KB4093121~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.3.1.6. [HRESULT = 0x800f0831 - CBS_E_STORE_CORRUPTION]
2019-05-07 10:30:15, Info                  CBS    Failed to resolve package [HRESULT = 0x800f0831 - CBS_E_STORE_CORRUPTION]
2019-05-07 10:30:15, Info                  CBS    Failed to get next package to re-evaluate [HRESULT = 0x800f0831 - CBS_E_STORE_CORRUPTION]
2019-05-07 10:30:15, Info                  CBS    Failed to process component watch list. [HRESULT = 0x800f0831 - CBS_E_STORE_CORRUPTION]

Then download the file KB4093121 from Windows Updates category website, and run following commands to re-install the security update

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copy c:\Users\Administrator\Downloads\windows8.1-kb4093121-x64_4e8483bcb4ad56a5b63959af8c3fc0dba9f93d48.msu c:\Windows\Temp
cd c:\Windows\Temp
expand windows8.1-kb4093121-x64_4e8483bcb4ad56a5b63959af8c3fc0dba9f93d48.msu -f:* .
DISM.exe /Online /Add-Package /PackagePath:Windows8.1-kb4093121-x64.cab

Also we can check log file at c:\Windows\Logs\DISM\dism.log

To repairing system and servicing health by running

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--> sfc /scannow
--> dism.exe /online /cleanup-image /scanhealth
--> dism.exe /online /cleanup-image /restorehealth

Reference

Fix 0x800F0831,CBS_E_STORE_CORRUPTION, this is the solution
List installed windows updates, by powershell or command
https://www.sysnative.com/forums/threads/server2012r2-datacenter-code-800f0831-kb2973351.23888/
Windows updates failed to install with error code : 800F0831 in Windows Server 2012 R2
Windows Update Catalog, download KB from here